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In
considering the matter of new religious movements that make strong requirements
on their members, it is useful to study the case of the "Tnevnoc
Cult", presented by sociologists David
Bromley and Anson Shupe.
The movement recruits
young women, and requires them to shave their heads and wear special uniforms.
It gives them new names in a foreign language. Furthermore, it requires
these young women to give up their personal possessions and sleep on hard
pallets for the rest of their lives. During their initial membership in
the cult, the young women were isolated from family contacts. Later, they
were required to ritually marry the dead founder of the cult.
Here are some more details about the movement:
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Once
a girl had been induced to join the cult she was immediately subjected
to totalistic control. Like the Hare Krishna and the Children of
God, members were forced to surrender all aspects of their former
lives. Virtually all personal possessions were taken away, and individuals
were prohibited from developing any outside involvements and commitments.
Indeed, members were required to devote literally all of their time
and energies to cult activities. The round of cult life was relentless
and consuming. Members were routinely waked at 4:30 a.m. to face
an arduous day of menial labor interspersed with long hours of prayer,
meditation, mind-numbing chanting, and compulsory religious ceremonies.
Like Hare Krishna sect members who always carry prayer beads in
cloth sacks attached to their wrists, Tnevnocs carried such beads
which they used in their repetitive, monotonic chanting. Members
gathered in candlelit, incense-filled rooms closed to outsiders
for a variety of special rituals involving chanting and meditation.
One particularly bizarre observance was a type of love/unity feast
involving ritualistic cannibalism. Members consumed food which they
were told symbolically represented parts of the dead founder’s body.
The
time not taken up with such rituals was devoted almost entirely
to menial labor such as washing clothes, preparing food, and scrubbing
floors. Indeed, only one hour of “free time” was allowed each day,
but even during this brief period members were forbidden to be alone
or in unsupervised groups, being required to remain together and
monitored by cult leaders. All luxuries and even basic amenities
were eliminated. For example, members slept each night on wooden
planks with only thin straw mats as mattresses. They subsisted on
a bland, spartan diet; food deprivation was even more severe than
the meager diet implies, members being permitted to eat sweets only
once a year and often being placed under considerable pressure to
fast periodically. This combination of limited sleep, draining physical
labor, and long hours of compulsory group rituals and worship, all
supported by a meager subsistence-level diet, left members without
sufficient time or energy to preserve even their own senses of individual
identity.
All
the members’ former sources of emotional support also were severed
upon joining the cult. During the first year members were forbidden
to leave the communal (and often remote rural) setting in which
their training took place and could receive no outside visitors
beyond one family visitation. It thus became virtually impossible
for parents and friends to maintain regular and frequent contact
with members. For example, members were permitted to write only
a minimal four letters per year. Further, just as do Unification
Church leaders, Tnevnoc cult leaders deliberately disrupted family
ties by creating a fictive kinship system in which they assumed
parental roles intended to replace members’ natural parents and
siblings. Any other relationships which threatened cult control
were also strictly forbidden. For example, sexual attachments of
any kind were, without exception, tabooed. Lone Tvenocs were never
allowed in the presence of individuals of the opposite sex and they
were forbidden to maintain close personal friendships with each
other or even to touch physically. All loyalty had to be channeled
to the cult, and its leaders, in authoritarian fashion, enforced
those strictures. Leaders went so far as to assert that they were
God’s direct representatives on earth and therefore due absolute
obedience by all members. This subservience was formalized in each
member’s written promise of absolute obedience for three years,
after which time individuals often were led to make similar commitments
for the remainder of their lives.
Perhaps
most striking was the emergence of cult-induced personality changes.
This began with the alteration of each individual’s exterior appearance.
Like the Hare Krishna, Tnevnoc cult members immediately upon joining
had their hair cut off and were dispensed long flowing garments
specifically designed to render members indistinguishable from one
another. This concerted effort to wipe out any sense of individuality
was carried to such extremes that members were never permitted to
own or even look into mirrors. The cult literally attempted to destroy
the old individual, her identity, and her former life’s associations
by assigning a new cult name and designating the date of her entry
into the group as the individual’s “real” birth date. Of course
such identity changes were more difficult to monitor than behavioral
conformity. One way cult leaders maintained close surveillance over
the most private aspects of members’ lives was to require members
to reveal publicly and to record in diaries even the most minor
infractions of elaborate cult rules, as well as improper thoughts
and wishes. This totalistic environment, with its rigid, all-encompassing
code of behavior that individuals could not possibly follow without
some minor infractions, engendered within members constant and inescapable
feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt, anxiety, and guilt. Cult leaders
deliberately exacerbated these nagging feelings by instituting a
series of humiliating, ego-destructive punishments for even the
most trivial infractions of cult rules. For example, daydreaming
or entertaining “improper” thoughts, however fleetingly, called
down upon members ceremonies of public degradation. Members were
forced to prostrate themselves in front of the cult leaders and
kiss their feet or, alternately, were denied food and reduced to
crawling from member to member on their knees begging for the dregs
of other member’s meals. Such punishments became more severe as
time went on, and members were expected to punish themselves regularly
for these deviations. The cult went so far as to issue each member
a ring to which were attached several lengths of chain with barbed
wire points on the ends. Members were required to return alone to
their beds at night at regular intervals and flagellate themselves
with this cruel device as atonement for their infractions.
David
G. Bromley and Anson D. Shupe, Jr., "The
Tnevnoc Cult,"
Sociological Analysis, 40(4): Pages 361 to 366, 1979
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When sociologists David Bromley and Anson Shupe
originally described this cult, they received many inquiries about the
cult's abusiveness, from sociologists and others concerned about psychological
manipulation within cults.
Only later did Bromley and Shupe reveal that "Tnevnoc"
is "convent" spelled backwards!
We recommend that you re-read the description of
the cult, before continuing, with this new understanding . . .
There are a couple of lessons to be learned from
this little thought exercise:
Use
of "cult" language
One
can take a perfectly legitimate religious movement or group, and
merely by describing it using heavily loaded language geared toward triggering
emotional reactions (starting by calling it a "cult")
one can manipulate most listeners into having a completely negative view
of that religious movement or group that is completely unwarranted, as
we have pointed out earlier.
Right
understanding of the role of discipline in fruitful spiritual practice
Of course, one could take this example in a completely different way:
"You know, maybe they're right! Maybe the convent is an abusive
cult! I mean, self-flagellation
I don't care that the Catholic Church has been around 2000 years, and
is mainstream; that's still wrong!"
There
is something to be said for this point of view, namely, are extreme
or ascetic disciplines necessary for
spiritual attainment? What is not in question, however (based on centuries
of reportage from all the world's great spiritual traditions) is the need
for discipline as a support for spiritual growth. It was this very same
"Tnevnoc" tradition that gave rise to such genuine and great
Christian saints as Teresa of Avila, Catherine of Siena, and Térèse of
Lisieux.
Down
through history, many religious groups (like convents, monasteries, intentional
communities, etc.) have required their members to adhere to strict diets,
schedules, repetitive praying, abstinence from sexual activities, isolation
from former friends and their family or origin relinquishing money and
possessions, and other disciplines. The general logic behind this was
simple: they were leading a contemplative life, and these disciplines
helped them keep their attention immersed in their contemplation (whether
that was comtemplation of Jesus, contemplation of their breath, or contemplation
of the Buddhist Pure Land).
Because
we live in a time steeped in the materialistic view, we are acculturated
toward poo-pooing such an approach to living, primarily because, by that
same culture, we are trained to presume there is no such thing as a greater-than-material
reality, and therefore no such thing as spiritual realization, etc. We
are not oriented toward thinking of any greater purpose for life than
self-fulfillment. And the self-transcending life of spiritual contemplation
is very much at odds with the usual life of self-fulfillment.
We
are also culturally organized around the notion that "a man's home
is his castle" (or to generalize to the family unit, "a family
should act as a kind of fiefdom"), and that each individual (or family)
should live in isolation, pretty much as they will. To the extent that
we even acknowledge being part of a community, it is with "block
parties", occasional neighborly dialog and exchange of favors, and
the like. In other words the self-orientation predominates in living circumstances
as well as in living habits. The idea of "communal living" (both
for the sake of sharing resources and for providing mutual support, inspiration,
and demand for spiritual growth) tends to be abhorrent, since it so strongly
cuts into the self-centered "private castle" notion (deliberately
and necessarily so, for anyone whose intended spiritual realization requires
transcending the ego!)
But
(fortunately) not everybody is completely possessed by materialism, and
those smaller numbers of people dissatisfied with the merely material
view are sometimes willing to try the experiment that is represented by
a contemplative life. For those people, the Realization is worth the price
paid in terms of discomfort, inconvenience, material and social sacrifice,
etc. Materialists can understand this by analogy with what a soldier is
willing to go through in Army or Marine boot camp for the sake of becoming
a great soldier; what an athlete must do (and give up) in order to achieve
Olympic-level quality; or what a businessman or businesswoman must do
to go from having no money to becoming a billionaire.
It's
just that the spiritual practitioner probably would find it silly to go
to such lengths and pains for such impermanent attainments:
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Spiritual
life is about Realizing utter Love-Bliss, greater Bliss than is
realized through sex or any other conditional experience. Such Love-Bliss
is available before, during, and after any conditional experience.
If you Realize It, if you devote your life to the Realization of
That, then That is what you get — a life devoted to the Realization
of That, a life of Communion with That. Then you will link your
present life with What is Prior to this life, whereas if you devote
yourself to the human conditions of existence for their own sake,
you do not link yourself to What is Prior to this life. You link
yourself to the same thing again. You perpetuate it, through reincarnation
or simply through repetition in one form or another after death.
Avatar
Adi Da Samraj, This
Liberating Impulse
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NEXT: THE TABOO AGAINST
GNOSTIC RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS AND SPIRITUAL MASTERS
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